Kidney: t(10;17) in Clear Cell Sarcoma of the Kidney

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Kidney: t(10;17) in Clear Cell Sarcoma of the Kidney

Identity

Other names bone metastasizing renal tumor of childhood

Clinics and Pathology

Disease Clear cell sarcoma of the kidney (CCSK) is a malignant renal tumor of childhood with a propensity to metastasize to bone and other organs. This tumor may also recur many years after its initial diagnosis. The average age at diagnosis is 2-4 years. CCSK is unrelated to the clear cell sarcoma of the soft tissue, also known as malignant melanoma of soft parts. Extrarenal tumors histologically identical to CCSK have been reported in rare instances. This tumor may be confused with other pediatric renal tumors including blastema-predominant Wilms' tumor, malignant rhabdoid tumor, and cellular mesoblastic nephroma.

Phenotype / cell stem origin undifferentiated mesenchyme

Embryonic origin mesoderm

Etiology The tumor is composed of undifferentiated cells as illustrated by its relative lack of immunohistochemical reactivity. Its gene expression profile with a lack of WT-1 mRNA transcripts and elevated levels of IGF-2 mRNA further suggest that the tumor arises from an undifferentiated renal stem cell. Most studies fail to implicate the involvement of the p53 tumor suppressor gene.

Epidemiology CCSK comprises 5 percent of primary pediatric renal tumors with the peak incidence in the second year of life; however, patients' ages have ranged from 2 months to 54 years. Adult cases are extraordinarily rare. CCSK does not appear to be associated with genetic syndromes like Wilms' tumor (i.e. WAGR, Beckwith-Wiedemann, and Denys-Drash syndromes). Males appear to be more commonly affected than females. The National Wilms' Tumor Study (NWTS) has classified CCSK as one of the most common of the prognostically unfavorable histology tumors (others being anaplastic Wilms' tumor and malignant rhabdoid tumor of the kidney).

Clinics The usual presentation of CCSK is a child with a flank mass with or without hematuria much like the typical signs and symptoms associated with Wilms' tumor. Abdominal pain and fever may also occur. In some instances, patients present with pathologic fractures due to metastatic tumor.

Pathology Grossly, the tumor arises within the renal medulla has a mass of up to 3,000 grams. On cut section, the tumor is usually white-tan to gray and has a firm texture and is sharply defined from the surrounding renal parenchyma. Histologically, the classical CCSK (features present at least focally in over 90% of tumors) is composed of nests and cords of cells with scant cytoplasm and high nuclear-cytoplasmic ratios. The tumor has a prominent vascular network that may be highlighted with Ulex Europeous I lectin or monoclonal antibodies specific for factor VIII or CD31. Adundant collagenous (sclerotic) extracellular matrix material is also a common finding in classical CCSK. The nuclei are characterized by a fine chromatin pattern and mitotic figures are generally rarely identified. Isolated nephrons are entrapped by the tumor. CCSK may be confused with Wilms' tumor, mesoblastic nephroma, and malignant rhabdoid tumor of the kidney.
Several histologic variants of CCSK are recognized. The most common variant is the myxoid CCSK. This histology features diffuse accumulation of mucopolysaccharide matrix material between tumor cells sometimes creating a cystic appearance. The sclerosing variant of CCSK is characterized by prominent collagen bundles that may isolate single or small groups of tumor cells in a dense matrix that may become hyalinized. The cellular pattern of CCSK is characterized by less extracellular matrix material between cells with overlapping of nuclei, a feature that may lead to confusion with a blastemal predominant Wilms' tumor or primitive neuroectodermal tumor. Mitotic activity is usually increased in this variant. The epithelioid CCSK variant may be confused with nephroblastoma due to condensation of tumor cell cords. The palisading pattern is described as having spindle cell nuclei in parallel linear arrays alternating with nuclear free zones, a feature that resembles Verocay bodies of schwannomas. The spindle cell and storiform patterns are relatively uncommon. Anaplasia is a rare finding in CCSK (3% of cases), and is characterized by the presence of enlarged, hyperchromatic polypoid nuclei with multipolar mitotic figures. The nuclear accumulation of p53 in anaplastic tumors is thought to represent evidence of p53 gene mutation, a finding that has been well-documented in anaplastic Wilms' tumors. The frequency of different CCSK variants is listed below:
Myxoid pattern (50%)
Sclerosing pattern (35%)
Cellular pattern (26%)
Epithelioid pattern (trabecular or acinar type) (13%)
Palisading (verocay-body) pattern (11%)
Spindle cell pattern (7%)
Storiform pattern (4%)
Anaplastic pattern (2.6%)
Immunohistochemistry is rarely informative in CCSK. Immunoreactivity for the intermediate filament vimentin is usually present, however, reactivity with most other proteins including epithelial markers are negative.
Like other renal tumors of childhood, CCSK is staged by the National Wilms' Tumor Study staging scheme as follows:
Stage I (25% of CCSK): For stage I tumors, 1 or more of the following criteria must be met:
Tumor is limited to the kidney and is completely excised.
The surface of the renal capsule is intact.
The tumor is not ruptured or biopsied (open or needle) prior to removal.
No involvement of renal sinus vessels.
No residual tumor apparent beyond the margins of excision.
Stage II (37% of CCSK): For Stage II tumors, 1 or more of the following criteria must be met:
Tumor extends beyond the kidney but is completely excised.
No residual tumor apparent at or beyond the margins of excision.
Any of the following conditions may also exist:
Tumor involvement of the blood vessels of the renal sinus and/or outside the renal parenchyma.
The tumor has been biopsied prior to removal or there is local spillage of tumor during surgery, confined to the flank.
Stage III (34% of CCSK): For Stage III tumors, 1 or more of the following criteria must be met:
Unresectable primary tumor.
Lymph node metastasis.
Positive surgical margins.
Tumor spillage involving peritoneal surfaces either before or during surgery, or transected tumor thrombus.
Stage IV (4% of CCSK): defined as the presence of hematogenous metastases (lung, liver, bone, or brain), or lymph node metastases outside the abdomenopelvic region.
Stage V (not yet reported for CCSK): defined as bilateral renal involvement at time of initial diagnosis.

(A) Hemisection of kidney demonstrating large tan-yellow mass characteristic of CCSK.
(B) Histologic section of CCSK characterized by hyperchromatic cells with high nuclear-cyto-plasmic ratios and abundant extracellular matrix material. (C) p53 immunochemistry with only rare cells showing nuclear accumulation of protein.

Treatment Treatment of CCSK generally involves surgical intervention coupled with radiation and chemotherapy. CCSK commonly responds poorly to treatment with vincristine and actinomycin alone, but the addition of doxorubicin to chemotherapy regimens has improved survival rates. In the NWTS-5 protocol, patients with all stages of CCSK are treated with the same regimen used in patients who have Wilms tumor with diffuse anaplasia with the exception of stage I tumors. This treatment protocol is comprised of radical nephrectomy followed by radiotherapy and chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, etoposide, vincristine, and doxorubicin for 24 weeks.

Prognosis The prognosis for CCSK, particularly for low stage tumors, has improved with the addition of doxorubicin to chemotherapy regimens with a 66% reduction in overall mortality. Stage-dependent six-year survival is 97% for stage I tumors, 75% for stage II tumors, 77% for stage III tumors, and 50% for stage IV tumors.
Patients with tumors without areas of necrosis have a more favorable prognosis. Twenty-nine percent of patients with CCSK have lymph node metastases at the time of diagnosis, and bone metastasis is the most common form of relapse. Metastatic lesions have also been reported in the liver, brain, soft tissue sites, and lung with more unusual metastases to the skeletal muscle, testis, and salivary gland. Relapses of CCSK as many as 10 years after original diagnosis have been reported.

Cytogenetics

Note Only a small number of CCSK cases have been described cytogenetically. A clonal reciprocal 10;17 translocation t(10;17)(q22;p13) in CCSK was first reported in 1989. A CCSK with a complex karyotype including trisomy 9, deletions of chromosomes 16 and 22, and loss of chromosome 1p13 has been reported. In the same case, an interstitial deletion of chromosome 14 was reported: del(14)(q23). One of two "sarcomatous Wilms' tumors" also contained a t(10;17)(q11;p12) as a part of an abnormal karyotype. Three of four other patients with CCSK were normal whereas one patient harbored a t(2;22)(q21;q11). Comparative genomic hybridization analysis of CCSK has documented quantitative chromosomal abnormalities in only 4 of 30 CCSK cases. These four cases included a gain of chromosome 1q and loss of 10q, gain of 1q and loss of terminal 4p, gain of 19p, and loss of chromosome 19. Later, another CCSK with a t(10;17)(q22;p13) was reported.
Of five patients reviewed at this institution, karyotypes were available for four of these. One patient had a clonal balanced translocation 10;17 and an interstitial deletion of the long arm of chromosome 14 as follows: 46, XY, t(10;17)(q22;p13)del(14)(q24.1q31.1).Three other patients had normal karyotypes. Fluorescent in-situ hybridization using a p53 probe was employed on the same cells harboring the clonal translocation above. This study documented the presence of two p53 signals on chromosome 17 indicating the absence of deletion or translocation of the TP53 tumor suppressor gene.

t(10;17)(q22;p13)

Genes involved and Proteins

Note No gene has been implicated in the pathogenesis of CCSK. However, given the recurrent finding of clonal balanced translocations involving t(10;17)(q22;p13), gene(s) located within these regions may be related to CCSK pathogenesis. The chromosome 17p13 locus harbors the TP53 tumor suppressor gene, but several studies have failed to implicate mutations of p53 in CCSK. Tumor suppressor and oncogenes present on chromosome 10q22 include LCX and TET1. Both of these genes are involved in fusion gene products in acute myeloid leukemias. Tumor suppressor and/or oncogenes located in the deleted region of chromosome 14q24.1q31.1 include CHES1, a member of the forkhead family of transcription factors involved in cell cycle checkpoint control, hREC2, a gene encoding a protein with amino acid homology to a RAD51 involved in DNA double strand break repair, MAP3K9 or mitogen activated protein kinase, the MAX transcription factor, placental growth factor (VEGF-related protein), and transforming growth factor beta-3.

Bibliography

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Marsden HB, Lawler W

British journal of cancer. 1978 ; 38 (3) : 437-441.

PMID 708576

Undifferentiated sarcoma of the kidney: a tumor of childhood with histopathologic and clinical characteristics distinct from Wilms' tumor.

Morgan E, Kidd JM

Cancer. 1978 ; 42 (4) : 1916-1921.

PMID 213187

Abnormalities of chromosomes 1 and 11 in Wilms' tumor.

Douglass EC, Wilimas JA, Green AA, Look AT

Cancer genetics and cytogenetics. 1985 ; 14 (3-4) : 331-338.

PMID 2981607

Translocation 10;17 in clear cell sarcoma of the kidney. A first report.

Punnett HH, Halligan GE, Zaeri N, Karmazin N

Cancer genetics and cytogenetics. 1989 ; 41 (1) : 123-128.

PMID 2548705

Chromosome analysis of 31 Wilms' tumors.

Sheng WW, Soukup S, Bove K, Gotwals B, Lampkin B

Cancer research. 1990 ; 50 (9) : 2786-2793.

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Correlation of chromosome abnormalities with histological and clinical features in Wilms' and other childhood renal tumors.

Kaneko Y, Homma C, Maseki N, Sakurai M, Hata J

Cancer research. 1991 ; 51 (21) : 5937-5942.

PMID 1657374

Clear cell sarcoma of kidney. Two cases in adults.

Oda H, Shiga J, Machinami R

Cancer. 1993 ; 71 (7) : 2286-2291.

PMID 8453549

Implications of p53 protein expression in clear cell sarcoma of the kidney.

Cheah PL, Looi LM

Pathology. 1996 ; 28 (3) : 229-231.

PMID 8912350

Clear cell sarcoma of the kidney: a review of 351 cases from the National Wilms Tumor Study Group Pathology Center.

Argani P, Perlman EJ, Breslow NE, Browning NG, Green DM, D'Angio GJ, Beckwith JB

The American journal of surgical pathology. 2000 ; 24 (1) : 4-18.

PMID 10632483

Comparative genomic hybridization analysis of clear cell sarcoma of the kidney.

Barnard M, Bayani J, Grant R, Zielenska M, Squire J, Thorner P

Medical and pediatric oncology. 2000 ; 34 (2) : 113-116.

PMID 10657872

Functional and gene expression analysis of the p53 signaling pathway in clear cell sarcoma of the kidney and congenital mesoblastic nephroma.

Brownlee NA, Hazen-Martin DJ, Garvin AJ, Re GG

Pediatric and developmental pathology : the official journal of the Society for Pediatric Pathology and the Paediatric Pathology Society. 2002 ; 5 (3) : 257-268.

PMID 12007018

Infrequent p53 gene mutations and lack of p53 protein expression in clear cell sarcoma of the kidney: immunohistochemical study and mutation analysis of p53 in renal tumors of unfavorable prognosis.

Hsueh C, Wang H, Gonzalez-Crussi F, Lin JN, Hung IJ, Yang CP, Jiang TH

Modern pathology : an official journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc. 2002 ; 15 (6) : 606-610.

PMID 12065773

Translocation (10;17)(q22;p13): a recurring translocation in clear cell sarcoma of kidney.

Rakheja D, Weinberg AG, Tomlinson GE, Partridge K, Schneider NR

Cancer genetics and cytogenetics. 2004 ; 154 (2) : 175-179.

PMID 15474157

Kidney Tumors in Children.

Murphy WM, Grignon DJ, Perlman EJ

AFIP Atlas of Tumor Pathology, Series 4 Tumors of the Kidney, Bladder, and Related Urinary Structures. 2004 : 65-75.

REVIEW articles automatic search in PubMed

Last year publications automatic search in PubMed

Contributor(s)

Written 08-2005 Noel A Brownlee, Patrick Koty, A Julian Garvin, Mark J Pettenati

Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA

Citation

This paper should be referenced as such :
Brownlee NA, Koty PP, Garvin AJ, Pettenati MJ . Kidney: t(10;17) in Clear Cell Sarcoma of the Kidney. Atlas Genet Cytogenet Oncol Haematol. August 2005 .
URL : http://AtlasGeneticsOncology.org/Genes/t1017ClCellSarcID5412.html

© Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology
indexed on : Wed Sep 24 21:09:27 2008

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For comments and suggestions or contributions, please contact us

j.l.huret@chu-poitiers.fr.

Disease	Clear cell sarcoma of the kidney (CCSK) is a malignant renal tumor of childhood with a propensity to metastasize to bone and other organs. This tumor may also recur many years after its initial diagnosis. The average age at diagnosis is 2-4 years. CCSK is unrelated to the clear cell sarcoma of the soft tissue, also known as malignant melanoma of soft parts. Extrarenal tumors histologically identical to CCSK have been reported in rare instances. This tumor may be confused with other pediatric renal tumors including blastema-predominant Wilms' tumor, malignant rhabdoid tumor, and cellular mesoblastic nephroma.
Phenotype / cell stem origin	undifferentiated mesenchyme
Embryonic origin	mesoderm
Etiology	The tumor is composed of undifferentiated cells as illustrated by its relative lack of immunohistochemical reactivity. Its gene expression profile with a lack of WT-1 mRNA transcripts and elevated levels of IGF-2 mRNA further suggest that the tumor arises from an undifferentiated renal stem cell. Most studies fail to implicate the involvement of the p53 tumor suppressor gene.
Epidemiology	CCSK comprises 5 percent of primary pediatric renal tumors with the peak incidence in the second year of life; however, patients' ages have ranged from 2 months to 54 years. Adult cases are extraordinarily rare. CCSK does not appear to be associated with genetic syndromes like Wilms' tumor (i.e. WAGR, Beckwith-Wiedemann, and Denys-Drash syndromes). Males appear to be more commonly affected than females. The National Wilms' Tumor Study (NWTS) has classified CCSK as one of the most common of the prognostically unfavorable histology tumors (others being anaplastic Wilms' tumor and malignant rhabdoid tumor of the kidney).
Clinics	The usual presentation of CCSK is a child with a flank mass with or without hematuria much like the typical signs and symptoms associated with Wilms' tumor. Abdominal pain and fever may also occur. In some instances, patients present with pathologic fractures due to metastatic tumor.
Pathology	Grossly, the tumor arises within the renal medulla has a mass of up to 3,000 grams. On cut section, the tumor is usually white-tan to gray and has a firm texture and is sharply defined from the surrounding renal parenchyma. Histologically, the classical CCSK (features present at least focally in over 90% of tumors) is composed of nests and cords of cells with scant cytoplasm and high nuclear-cytoplasmic ratios. The tumor has a prominent vascular network that may be highlighted with Ulex Europeous I lectin or monoclonal antibodies specific for factor VIII or CD31. Adundant collagenous (sclerotic) extracellular matrix material is also a common finding in classical CCSK. The nuclei are characterized by a fine chromatin pattern and mitotic figures are generally rarely identified. Isolated nephrons are entrapped by the tumor. CCSK may be confused with Wilms' tumor, mesoblastic nephroma, and malignant rhabdoid tumor of the kidney. Several histologic variants of CCSK are recognized. The most common variant is the myxoid CCSK. This histology features diffuse accumulation of mucopolysaccharide matrix material between tumor cells sometimes creating a cystic appearance. The sclerosing variant of CCSK is characterized by prominent collagen bundles that may isolate single or small groups of tumor cells in a dense matrix that may become hyalinized. The cellular pattern of CCSK is characterized by less extracellular matrix material between cells with overlapping of nuclei, a feature that may lead to confusion with a blastemal predominant Wilms' tumor or primitive neuroectodermal tumor. Mitotic activity is usually increased in this variant. The epithelioid CCSK variant may be confused with nephroblastoma due to condensation of tumor cell cords. The palisading pattern is described as having spindle cell nuclei in parallel linear arrays alternating with nuclear free zones, a feature that resembles Verocay bodies of schwannomas. The spindle cell and storiform patterns are relatively uncommon. Anaplasia is a rare finding in CCSK (3% of cases), and is characterized by the presence of enlarged, hyperchromatic polypoid nuclei with multipolar mitotic figures. The nuclear accumulation of p53 in anaplastic tumors is thought to represent evidence of p53 gene mutation, a finding that has been well-documented in anaplastic Wilms' tumors. The frequency of different CCSK variants is listed below: Myxoid pattern (50%) Sclerosing pattern (35%) Cellular pattern (26%) Epithelioid pattern (trabecular or acinar type) (13%) Palisading (verocay-body) pattern (11%) Spindle cell pattern (7%) Storiform pattern (4%) Anaplastic pattern (2.6%) Immunohistochemistry is rarely informative in CCSK. Immunoreactivity for the intermediate filament vimentin is usually present, however, reactivity with most other proteins including epithelial markers are negative. Like other renal tumors of childhood, CCSK is staged by the National Wilms' Tumor Study staging scheme as follows: Stage I (25% of CCSK): For stage I tumors, 1 or more of the following criteria must be met: Tumor is limited to the kidney and is completely excised. The surface of the renal capsule is intact. The tumor is not ruptured or biopsied (open or needle) prior to removal. No involvement of renal sinus vessels. No residual tumor apparent beyond the margins of excision. Stage II (37% of CCSK): For Stage II tumors, 1 or more of the following criteria must be met: Tumor extends beyond the kidney but is completely excised. No residual tumor apparent at or beyond the margins of excision. Any of the following conditions may also exist: Tumor involvement of the blood vessels of the renal sinus and/or outside the renal parenchyma. The tumor has been biopsied prior to removal or there is local spillage of tumor during surgery, confined to the flank. Stage III (34% of CCSK): For Stage III tumors, 1 or more of the following criteria must be met: Unresectable primary tumor. Lymph node metastasis. Positive surgical margins. Tumor spillage involving peritoneal surfaces either before or during surgery, or transected tumor thrombus. Stage IV (4% of CCSK): defined as the presence of hematogenous metastases (lung, liver, bone, or brain), or lymph node metastases outside the abdomenopelvic region. Stage V (not yet reported for CCSK): defined as bilateral renal involvement at time of initial diagnosis.


	(A) Hemisection of kidney demonstrating large tan-yellow mass characteristic of CCSK. (B) Histologic section of CCSK characterized by hyperchromatic cells with high nuclear-cyto-plasmic ratios and abundant extracellular matrix material. (C) p53 immunochemistry with only rare cells showing nuclear accumulation of protein.

Treatment	Treatment of CCSK generally involves surgical intervention coupled with radiation and chemotherapy. CCSK commonly responds poorly to treatment with vincristine and actinomycin alone, but the addition of doxorubicin to chemotherapy regimens has improved survival rates. In the NWTS-5 protocol, patients with all stages of CCSK are treated with the same regimen used in patients who have Wilms tumor with diffuse anaplasia with the exception of stage I tumors. This treatment protocol is comprised of radical nephrectomy followed by radiotherapy and chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, etoposide, vincristine, and doxorubicin for 24 weeks.
Prognosis	The prognosis for CCSK, particularly for low stage tumors, has improved with the addition of doxorubicin to chemotherapy regimens with a 66% reduction in overall mortality. Stage-dependent six-year survival is 97% for stage I tumors, 75% for stage II tumors, 77% for stage III tumors, and 50% for stage IV tumors. Patients with tumors without areas of necrosis have a more favorable prognosis. Twenty-nine percent of patients with CCSK have lymph node metastases at the time of diagnosis, and bone metastasis is the most common form of relapse. Metastatic lesions have also been reported in the liver, brain, soft tissue sites, and lung with more unusual metastases to the skeletal muscle, testis, and salivary gland. Relapses of CCSK as many as 10 years after original diagnosis have been reported.

Note	Only a small number of CCSK cases have been described cytogenetically. A clonal reciprocal 10;17 translocation t(10;17)(q22;p13) in CCSK was first reported in 1989. A CCSK with a complex karyotype including trisomy 9, deletions of chromosomes 16 and 22, and loss of chromosome 1p13 has been reported. In the same case, an interstitial deletion of chromosome 14 was reported: del(14)(q23). One of two "sarcomatous Wilms' tumors" also contained a t(10;17)(q11;p12) as a part of an abnormal karyotype. Three of four other patients with CCSK were normal whereas one patient harbored a t(2;22)(q21;q11). Comparative genomic hybridization analysis of CCSK has documented quantitative chromosomal abnormalities in only 4 of 30 CCSK cases. These four cases included a gain of chromosome 1q and loss of 10q, gain of 1q and loss of terminal 4p, gain of 19p, and loss of chromosome 19. Later, another CCSK with a t(10;17)(q22;p13) was reported. Of five patients reviewed at this institution, karyotypes were available for four of these. One patient had a clonal balanced translocation 10;17 and an interstitial deletion of the long arm of chromosome 14 as follows: 46, XY, t(10;17)(q22;p13)del(14)(q24.1q31.1).Three other patients had normal karyotypes. Fluorescent in-situ hybridization using a p53 probe was employed on the same cells harboring the clonal translocation above. This study documented the presence of two p53 signals on chromosome 17 indicating the absence of deletion or translocation of the TP53 tumor suppressor gene.


	t(10;17)(q22;p13)

REVIEW articles	automatic search in PubMed
Last year publications	automatic search in PubMed

Written	08-2005	Noel A Brownlee, Patrick Koty, A Julian Garvin, Mark J Pettenati
		Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA